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     The image is immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded Human liver cancer tissue using P07696(TSHR Antibody) at dilution 1/50. (Original magnification: ×200)    

  
  

TSHR antibodies target the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), a key regulator of thyroid function. Expressed on thyroid follicular cells, TSHR is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds TSH to stimulate thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. Autoantibodies against TSHR play a central role in autoimmune thyroid diseases.

In Graves' disease, stimulating TSHR antibodies (TRAbs) mimic TSH action, causing unregulated receptor activation. This leads to hyperthyroidism, goiter, and characteristic symptoms like weight loss, tachycardia, and ophthalmopathy. Conversely, blocking TSHR antibodies inhibit TSH signaling, contributing to hypothyroidism in some cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A third type, neutral TSHR antibodies, binds without altering receptor activity but may influence disease progression.

First identified in 1956. TSHR antibodies are detected via competitive binding assays (e.g., TRAb tests). Their presence aids in differentiating autoimmune thyroid disorders from other causes of thyroid dysfunction. Research continues to explore their pathogenic mechanisms, epitope specificity, and clinical correlations. Novel therapies targeting TSHR signaling, including monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors, are under investigation for resistant Graves' disease. Understanding TSHR antibody heterogeneity remains crucial for personalized diagnosis and treatment approaches.