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     All lanes use the Antibody at 1:3K dilution for 1 hour at room temperature.    

  
  

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     All lanes use the Antibody at 1:3K dilution for 1 hour at room temperature.    

  
  

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     Western blot analysis of Calreticulin expression in (1) U87-MG cell lysate; (2) A431 cell lysate.    

  
  

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     Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon, using PBR  Antibody .    

  
  

PBR (Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor) antibodies target a mitochondrial outer membrane protein initially identified for its ability to bind benzodiazepines, distinct from central nervous system receptors. Now renamed Translocator Protein (TSPO), this 18 kDa molecule plays critical roles in cholesterol transport for steroidogenesis, mitochondrial function, and cellular stress responses. PBR/TSPO is highly expressed in steroid-producing tissues (e.g., adrenal glands) and activated microglia, making it a biomarker for neuroinflammatory conditions like Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis.

Research using PBR antibodies has revealed its involvement in pathological processes, including neurodegeneration, cancer progression, and psychiatric disorders. In neuroimaging, TSPO-targeted radioligands (e.g., PK11195) enable visualization of neuroinflammation through PET scans. However, antibody-based studies face challenges due to TSPO's structural heterogeneity across species and polymorphism-induced ligand-binding variations in humans (e.g., rs6971 SNP). Recent efforts focus on developing isoform-specific antibodies and second-generation ligands with improved specificity.

These tools continue to advance our understanding of TSPO's dual roles in physiological homeostasis and disease mechanisms, particularly in glial activation dynamics and mitochondrial dysfunction pathways.