1,3,5-トリニトロベンゼン 化學特性,用途語,生産方法
性質
トリニトロベンゼンは反応性が高く爆発しやすい物質です。実際に爆薬として使われることがあります。 このようなトリニトロベンゼンの性質は、ニトロ基によるものです。
同じく爆薬として有名なトリニトロトルエン (TNT) も3つのニトロ基をもち、トリニトロベンゼンと構造が非常に似ています。
解説
芳香族ニトロ化合物の一つ。正しくは1,3,5-トリニトロベンゼン(略稱TNB)。ベンゼン環(huán)に三つのニトロ基(NO2)が置換した化合物。これ以外に、1,2,3-トリニトロベンゼンと1,2,4-トリニトロベンゼンの二つの異性體が存在するが重要でない。白色結晶。TNT(トリニトロトルエン)を酸化して得た2,4,6-トリニトロ安息香酸の脫炭酸反応により合成する。水に溶けず、エタノール、エーテルに溶ける。徐々に加熱すると昇華するが、急激に加熱すると爆発する。爆薬ではあるが、合成しにくいため広くは用いられない。[谷利陸平][參照項目] | 異性體 | トリニトロトルエン | ニトロ化合物[補完資料] | トリニトロベンゼン(データノート)
小學館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) )
用途
試薬、火薬
構造
トリニトロベンゼンはベンゼン環(huán)に3つのニトロ基 (NO2) が付加された 構造をしています。
それぞれのニトロ基はベンゼン環(huán)の炭素原子に1つ置きに結合しています。これをメタ結合といいます。
化學的特性
Trinitrobenzene is a yellow crystalline solid.
使用
Explosive. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is a vulcanizing agent for natural rubber. Indicator for pH 12.0-14.0.
定義
ChEBI: A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.
一般的な説明
A light yellow crystalline sludge or slurry. Burns but may require some effort to ignite. A high explosive when dry. Easily ignited and burns very vigorously when dry. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.
空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
Aromatic nitro compounds, such as TRINITROBENZENE, range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. If mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides, they may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. The explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds are increased by the presence of multiple nitro groups.
健康ハザード
Some are toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
火災危険
Trinitrobenzene is a high explosive, similar to trinitrotoluene. However, it is less sensitive to impact than the latter. Its brisance and power are higher than those of TNT. It detonates when heated rapidly. The dry material is highly sensitive to shock and heat.Slow and careful heating of a small amount of material does not cause detonation. Trinitrobenzene is a flammable solid. It reacts vigorously with reducing substances. It emits highly toxic oxides of nitrogen on decomposition.
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置換反応
ベンゼン環(huán)の炭素と結合している水素が別の官能基に置き換わる置換反応は比較的起きやすいため、トリニトロベンゼンのようにベンゼン環(huán)に多數(shù)の官能基が付加された化合物を生成することが可能です。
安全性情報
消防法では、第5類自己反応性化學品、ニトロ化合物に該當します。また、労働安全衛(wèi)生法法では、危険物?爆発性のものに該當しているため、取り扱いには注意が必要です。
參考文獻
使用用途
トリニトロベンゼンは、主に爆薬?火薬として利用されます。急激に加熱をすることで爆発を起こせるためです。
また、同様の用途でよく使用されているものに、があります。トリニトロベンゼンは、トリニトロトルエンに比べて鈍感で爆発力が強いことが特徴です。
しかし、生産コストが高いため、トリニトロトルエンの方が広く一般的に使用されています。
安全性プロファイル
Poison by ingestion and
intravenous routes. Mutation data reported.
A severe explosion hazard when shocked or
exposed to heat. Trinitrobenzene is
considered a powerful high explosive and
has more shattering power than TNT.
Although it is less sensitive to impact than
TNT, it is not used much because it is
difficult to produce. The complex with
potassium trimethyl stannate explodes at
room temperature. Forms heat-sensitive
explosive complexes with alkyl or aryl
metallates (e.g., lithium or potassium salts of
trimethyl-, triethyl-, or triphenyl-germanate,
-silanate, or -stamate). Can react vigorously
with reducing materials. When heated to
decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of
NOx and explodes. See also NITRO
COMPOUNDS of AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS.
合成
One synthesis route of 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is through the decarboxylation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid (obtained from TNT by oxidation with chromic acid) by heating in aqueous medium.
職業(yè)ばく露
Trinitrobenzene is explosive when dry.
Used as an explosive; as a vulcanizing agent for natural
rubber. Trinitrobenzene may be more powerful than TNT;
and is reported to be less sensitive to impact than TNT.
However it is difficult to produce, and is not used as widely
as TNT.
製造方法

図3. トリニトロベンゼンの合成
工業(yè)的には、2,4,6-トリニトロ安息香酸を脫炭酸させて合成することで得られます。1,3,5-トリニトロトルエンを酸化し、1,3,5-トリニトロ安息香酸にした後、脫炭酸により1,3,5-トリニトロベンゼンとなります。
貯蔵
Storage and shipping are similar to those used for TNT and other high explosives. Trinitrobenzene is stored in a permanent magazine well separatedfrom initiator explosive, combustible and oxidizing materials, and heat sources. It is shipped in metal containers enclosed in wooden boxes or strong siftproof cloth or paper bags in amounts not exceeding 60 lb net weight (NFPA 1997).
輸送方法
UN0214 Trinitrobenzene, dry or wetted with
<30% water, by mass, Hazard Class: 1.1D; Labels:1.1DExplosives
(with a mass explosion hazard); D-Substances
or articles which may mass detonate (with blast and/or
fragment hazard) when exposed to fire. UN1354
Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not <30% water, by mass,
Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid.
純化方法
Crystallise it from glacial acetic acid, CHCl3, CCl4, EtOH aqueous EtOH or EtOH/*benzene, after (optionally) heating with dilute HNO3. Dry it in air. Fuse it and crystallise it under vacuum. [Beilstein 5 H 271, 5 I 140, 5 II 203, 5 III 643, 5 IV 754.]
不和合性
Sensitive to shock and heat. Incompatible
with initiating explosives, combustible materials. Aromatic
nitro compounds, such as trinitrobenzene, range from slight to
strong oxidizing agents. Keep away from strong reducing
agents, including hydrides, alkali metals; aluminium and
other metal powder; phosphorus; sulfides and nitrides, alkaline
material, strong bases; contact may initiate vigorous reactions
that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro
compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence
of water or organic solvents. The aromatic nitro
compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence
of water or organic solvents. Incompatible with
strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates,
perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact
may cause fires or explosions.
廃棄物の処理
Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing
storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.
Dissolve in a combustible solvent and spray into an incinerator
equipped with afterburner and scrubber.
1,3,5-トリニトロベンゼン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品