黒鉛 化學(xué)特性,用途語(yǔ),生産方法
外観
暗灰黒色の粉末
定義
本品は、結(jié)晶化した炭素である。
定義
碳的同素異形體之一?；瘜W(xué)名稱是石墨。作為碳的元素礦物，有伴隨變質(zhì)巖的天然礦物和通過(guò)石墨化無(wú)定形碳制成的人造礦物。六角板狀晶體。它具有黑色或鋼灰色的金屬光澤。它具有優(yōu)良的耐熱性、抗沖擊性和耐腐蝕性，并具有良好的導(dǎo)電性和導(dǎo)熱性。化學(xué)性質(zhì)穩(wěn)定。廣泛用作各種電氣設(shè)備的材料、耐火磚、核反應(yīng)堆的中子減速劑、鉛筆芯等，以及潤(rùn)滑油、減摩劑、模具等化工設(shè)備的碳制品材料。石墨。[大和本莊 (1709)] [礦物紫輝 (1890)]
人工物
石油コークスなどを1400℃で煆焼(かしょう)して揮発分を除き、結(jié)合材を加えて800℃で焼成し、2500～3000℃に熱してつくる?；尹\色の光沢ある六方晶系の板狀結(jié)晶。石墨は層狀格子で、平面內(nèi)での結(jié)合は強(qiáng)いのに、平面間を結(jié)ぶ力は弱いので、はがれやすい。また、他の原子が反応して平面の間に入り込んだ層間化合物をつくる。黒鉛は，融點(diǎn)が高く、熱膨張性が低く、高溫に耐えうること、電気?熱の伝導(dǎo)性があること、化學(xué)的にも安定であることなどから、鉄鋼、アルミニウム、各種化學(xué)工業(yè)の分野で電極、導(dǎo)電材、耐火剤、耐薬品材料、原子爐の中性子の減速材、減摩剤、鉛筆の芯(しん)などとして使われている。［守永健一?中原勝儼］
解説
炭素の同素體の一つ．グラファイトともいう．鉱物名は石墨．六角形が連なった巨大な網(wǎng)面の層が，弱いファンデルワールス力で結(jié)合して層狀構(gòu)造を形成している．耐熱性，耐食性が高く，電気?熱伝導(dǎo)性が良好で，滑性を有する．
天然鉱物
非金屬元素鉱物の一つ。六方相と三方相の二つの多型がある。ダイヤモンド、ロンズデール石（2Hおよび4Hの2種の多型がある）、チャオ石とは同質(zhì)異像関係にある。黒鉛は，変成巖、とくにある種の片麻巖(へんまがん)中に濃集して産し、鉱床を形成するほか、再結(jié)晶石灰?guī)r中、そのスカルン化産物中、低変成度の広域変成巖中、ある種の閃緑(せんりょく)巖中に産し、含有する巖石に還元環(huán)境を與える。変成巖中に脈をなすものではマグマ起源の成因が暗示されている。自形結(jié)晶は六角板狀をなすが、多くは鱗片(りんぺん)狀あるいは土狀。日本では、富山県上新川(かみにいかわ)郡千野谷(せんのたに)鉱山（閉山）、岐阜県吉城(よしき)郡河合(かわい)村（現(xiàn)、飛騨(ひだ)市河合町）天生(あもう)鉱山（閉山）などで鉱床として稼行された。英名はギリシア語(yǔ)の「書(shū)くこと」を意味するグラフに由來(lái)する。［加藤 昭 2017年8月21日］
用途
新加工材の開(kāi)発研究、觸媒の保持擔(dān)體。
用途
合成原料、機(jī)能性材料、合成樹(shù)脂添加剤、潤(rùn)滑剤、剝離剤。
化粧品の成分用途
著色剤
化學(xué)的特性
Graphite is crystallized carbon and usually
appears as soft, black scales. There are two types of graph ite, natural and artificial (activated). Natural and synthetic
graphite may be mixed with each other or contain other
additives.
天然物の起源
Graphite is usually found in metamorphic rocks as veins, lenses, and pockets and as thin laminae disseminated in gneisses, schists, and phyllites. Depending upon the mode of occurrence
and origin, it is graded into three forms: flake graphite found in metamorphosed rocks as vein
deposits, crystalline graphite found as fissure-filled veins, and cryptocrystalline graphite formed in metamorphosed coal beds. Natural graphite occurs in many parts of the world in
fair abundance and it has been used in various applications.
In nature, graphite is found
usually in association with feldspars, mica, quartz, pyroxene, rutile, pyrites, and apatite.
These impurities are associated with vein graphite. The impurities with amorphous graphite
are shale, slate, sandstone, quartz, and limestone. Graphite is found in almost every country,
but Ceylon, Madagascar, Mexico, western Germany, and Korea all possess particularly plentiful reserves. Major industrial producers of graphite are South Korea, the largest producer
in the world, followed by Austria.
使用
High-temperature lubricant,
crucible container for handling
molten metals such as Mg, Al,
Zn, Ga, Sb, and Bi
使用
For "lead" pencils, refractory crucibles, stove polish; as pigment, lubricant, graphite cement; for matches and explosives, commutator brushes, anodes, arc-lamp carbons, electroplating; polishing Compounds, rust and needle-paper; coating for cathode ray tubes; moderator in nuclear piles.
定義
An allotrope of CARBON.
Graphite is a good conductor of heat and
electricity. The atoms are arranged in layers
which cleave easily and graphite is used
as a solid lubricant.
一般的な説明
A mineral form of the element carbon. Hexagonal crystals or thin leaf-like layers. Steel-gray to black with a metallic luster and a greasy feel. An electrical conductor. Used for high-temperature crucibles, as a lubricant and in "lead" pencils.
反応プロフィール
GRAPHITE is non-flammable in bulk form, but combustible. A reducing agent. Mixtures of graphite dust and air are explosive when ignited.Reacts violently with very strong oxidizing agents such as fluorine, chlorine dioxide, and potassium peroxide. Almost inert chemically when in bulk form. Keep away from ignition sources and oxidizing agents.
健康ハザード
Pure synthetic graphite acts as
an inert or nuisance dust.
工業(yè)用途
Graphite is a form of carbon. It was formerlyknown as black lead, and when first used forpencils was called Flanders’ stone. It is a naturalvariety of elemental carbon with a grayishblackcolor and a metallic tinge.
Carbon and graphite have been used inindustry for many years, primarily as electrodes,arc carbons, brush carbons, and bearings.In the last decade or so, development ofnew types and emergence of graphite fibers asa promising reinforcement for high-performancecomposites have significantly increasedthe versatility of this family of materials.
職業(yè)ばく露
Natural graphite is used in foundry
facings, steel making lubricants, refractories, crucibles,
pencil “l(fā)ead,” paints, pigments, and stove polish. Artificial
graphite may be substituted for these uses with the excep tion of clay crucibles; other types of crucibles may be pro duced from artificial graphite. Additionally, it may be used
as a high temperature lubricant or for electrodes. It is uti lized in the electrical industry in electrodes, brushes, con tacts, and electronic tube rectifier elements; as a constituent
in lubricating oils and greases; to treat friction elements,
such as brake linings; to prevent molds from sticking
together; and in moderators in nuclear reactors. In addition,
concerns have been expressed about synthetic graphite in
fibrous form. Those exposed are involved in production of
graphite fibers from pitch or acrylonitrile fibers and the
manufacture and use of composites of plastics, metals, or
ceramics reinforced with graphite fibers.
輸送方法
UN1362 Carbon, activated, Hazard Class: 4.2;
Labels: 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material, International.
純化方法
Treat graphite with hot 1:1 HCl. Then filter, wash and the dried powdered is heated in an evacuated quartz tube at 1000o until a high vacuum is obtained. Cool this and store it in an atmosphere of helium [Craig et al. J Phys Chem 60 1225 1956].
不和合性
Graphite is a strong reducing agent and
reacts violently with oxidizers, such as fluorine, chlorine
trifluoride, and potassium peroxide. Forms an explosive
mixture with air. May be spontaneously combustible in air.
廃棄物の処理
Do not incinerate. Carbon
(graphite) fibers are difficult to dispose of by incineration.
Waste fibers should be packaged and disposed of in a land fill authorized for the disposal of special wastes of this
nature, or as otherwise may be required by law.
黒鉛 上流と下流の製品情報(bào)
原材料
準(zhǔn)備製品